Glossary:

Act- a section of the opera that is then divided into scenes.
Aria- means “air” in Italian. This is a piece of music written for a one singer (soloist), usually
with instrumental accompaniment.
Aside- a secret comment from an actor directly to the audience that the other characters cannot
hear.
Baritone- the middle singing range of the male voice. Gregory Dahl (Belcore) is an example of
this vocal range.
Bass- the lowest singing range of the male voice. Terry Hodges (Dr. Dulcamara) is an example
of this vocal range.
Basso buffo (Italian)- a bass singer who specializes in comic characters.
Basso profundo (Italian)- the most serious bass voice.
Baton- short stick that the conductor uses to lead the orchestra.
Bel Canto- Italian phrase literally meaning “beautiful singing.” A traditional Italian style of
singing emphasizing tone, phrasing, coloratura passages, and technique. Also refers to the
operas written in this style.
Blocking- directions given to the performers for movement on stage.
Bravo (Italian)- a form of appreciation shouted by audience members at the end of a
particularly pleasing performance. Technically, Bravo refers to a male performer, Brava refers
to a female performer and Bravi refers to many performers.
Buffo- from the Italian for “buffoon.” A singer of comic roles (basso-buffo) or a comic opera
(opera-buffa.)
Cadenza- a passage of singing, often at the end of an aria, which shows off the singer's vocal
ability.
Castrato (Italian)- a castrated male prized for his high singing voice.
Choreographer- the person who designs the steps of a dance.
Chorus- a group of singers of all vocal ranges, singing together to support the vocal leads.
Classical- the period in music, which comes after the Baroque and before the Romantic,
roughly from the birth of Mozart to shortly after the death of Beethoven. It represents the
greatest standardization in orchestral form and tonality.
Coloratura- elaborate ornamentation of music written for a singer using many fast notes and
trills. Also used to describe a singer who sings this type of music.
Composer- the individual who writes all the music for both voice and instrument.
Comprimario (Italian)- a nineteenth century term referring to secondary or supporting roles
such as confidantes, messengers, and matchmakers.
Contralto- the lowest female voice range.
Conductor- the person responsible for the musical interpretation and coordination of the
performance. The conductor controls tempo, dynamic level and balance between the singers
and orchestra. You will see this person standing in the orchestra pit conducting the musicians
and the singers. The conductor for The Elixir of Love is Tadeusz Biernacki.
Countertenor- a male singer with the highest male voice range, generally singing within the
female contralto or mezzo soprano range.
Crescendo- a build in the volume or dynamic of the music.
Cue- a signal to enter or exit from the stage, to move or to change lighting or scenery; or a signal
given by the conductor to the musicians.
Curtain Call- occurs at the end of the performance when all the cast members and the
conductor take bows. This can occur in front of the curtain or on the open stage.
Designer- a production can have two or three designers: a lighting designer, a costume
designer, a set designer, or someone who is both costume and set designer. They work closely
with the stage director to give the production a distinctive look.
Diva- literally, “goddess” in Italian. An important female opera star. The masculine form is
divo.
Dress Rehearsal- the final rehearsal before opening night, includes costumes, lights, makeup,
etc. Sometimes it is necessary to stop for adjustments, but an attempt is made to make it as
much like a regular performance as possible.
Duet- music that is written for two people to sing together.
Encore- a piece that is performed after the last scheduled piece of a concert. An encore is
usually performed because the audience wants to hear more music even though the concert is
over.
Ensemble- a part of the opera written for a group of two or more singers. This may or may not
include the chorus.
Falsetto- the upper part of a voice in which the vocal cords do not vibrate completely. Usually
used by males to imitate a female voice.
Finale- the last musical number of an opera or an act.
Grand Opera- spectacular French opera of the Romantic period, lavishly staged, with a
historically-based plot, a huge cast, an unusually-large orchestra, and ballet. It also refers to
opera without spoken dialogue.
Helden- German prefix meaning “heroic”. Can also apply to other voices, but usually used in
“heldentenor.”
House- the auditorium and front of the theatre excluding the stage and backstage areas.
Impresario– the proprietor, manager, or conductor of an opera or concert company; one who
puts on or sponsors an entertainment; manager, producer.
Interlude- a short piece of instrumental music played between scenes and acts.
Intermission- a break between acts of an opera. The lights go on and the audience is free to
move around. The Elixir of Love has one 20 minute intermission
Librettist- the writer of the opera’s text. The librettist for The Elixir of Love is Felice Romani.
Libretto- Italian for “little book.” It is the text or story of the opera.
Lyric- used to describe a light to medium weight voice with an innocent quality, capable of both
sustained, forceful singing and delicate effects.
Maestro- means “master” in Italian. Used as a courtesy title for the conductor (male or
female).
Mark- to sing, but not at full voice. A full-length opera is very hard on a singer’s voice so most
performers mark during rehearsals. During the Dress Rehearsal singers try to sing at full voice
for part if not all of the rehearsal.
Mezzo-soprano- the middle singing range for a female voice.
Motif or Leitmotif- a recurring musical theme used to identify an emotion, person, place, or
object.
Opera- a dramatic presentation which is set to music. Almost all of it is sung, and the orchestra
is an equal partner with the singers. Like a play, an opera is acted on stage with costumes,
scenery, makeup, etc. Opera is the plural form of the Latin word opus, which means “work.”
Opera buffa (Italian)- an opera about ordinary people, usually, but not always comic. First
developed in the eighteenth century.
Opera seria (Italian)- a serious opera. The usual characters are gods and goddesses, or ancient
heroes.
Opera-comique (French) or Singspeil (German)- a form of opera which contains spoken
dialogue.
Operetta- lighthearted opera with spoken dialogue, such as a musical.
Orchestra- an ensemble, led by a conductor, that is comprised of string, woodwind, brass and
percussion instruments.
Orchestra pit- sunken area in front of the stage where the orchestra sits.
Overture- an orchestral introduction to the opera played before the curtain rises. Usually
longer than a prelude and can be played as a separate piece.
Pitch- how high or low a note sounds.
Prelude- a short introduction that leads into an act without pause.
Prima Donna- literally, “first lady” in Italian. The leading woman in an opera. Because of the
way some of them behaved in the past, it often refers to someone who is acting in a superior and
demanding fashion. The term for a leading man is primo uomo.
Principal- a major singing role, or the singer who performs such a role.
Production- the combination of sets, costumes, props, and lights etc.
Props- objects carried or used on stage by the performers.
Proscenium- the front opening of the stage which frames the action.
Quartet- four singers or the music that is written for four singers. Also quintet, sextet, etc
Raked Stage- a stage that slants downwards towards the audience.
Recitative- lines of dialogue that are sung, usually with no recognizable melody. It is used to
advance the plot.
Rehearsal- a working session in which the singers prepare for public performance.
Score- the written music of an opera or other musical work.
Serenade- a piece of music honouring someone or something, an extension of the traditional
performance of a lover beneath the window of his mistress.
Soprano- the highest range of the female singing voice. Nikki Einfeld (Adina) is an example of
this vocal range.
Soubrette (French)- pert young female character with a light soprano voice.
Spinto (Italian)- a lyric voice that has the power and incisiveness for dramatic climaxes.
Stage Areas- refers to the various sections of the stage as seen by those on stage. See diagram
in Workshop #1.
Stage Director- the person in charge of the action on stage. He or she shows the singers,
chorus and cast where and when to move and helps them create their characters. The stage
director develops a concept for how the entire performance should look and feel. He or she
works closely with the stage managers, lighting designer, set designers, costume designer and
wig and make-up artists to make his or her vision into reality.
Stage Manager- the person who coordinates and manages elements of the performance. The
stage manager for The Elixir of Love is Jacqueline Dawson.
Supernumeraries (Supers)- appear on stage in costume in non-singing and usually, nonspeaking
roles.
Surtitles- the English translations of the opera’s language, in this production Italian, that are
projected above the stage during a performance to help the audience follow the story. Much like
subtitles in a foreign film.
Synopsis- a short summary of the story of the opera.
Tableau- occurs at the end of a scene or act, when all cast members on stage freeze in position
and remain that way until the curtain closes. It looks as though that moment has been captured
in a photograph.
Tempo- speed of the music.
Tenor- the highest natural adult male voice. Stuart Howe (Nemorino) is an example of this
kind of singing voice.
Trill- very quick alternation between two adjacent notes. See coloratura.
Trio- an ensemble of three singers or the music that is written for three singers.
Trouser role-the role of an adolescent boy or young man, written for and sung by a woman,
often a mezzo-soprano. Also known as a pants role.
Verismo- describes a realistic style of opera that started in Italy at the end of the 19th century.



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